Understanding of the universe - the origin and evolution of the universe.

<P> Origin and evolution of the universe a human understanding of the universe 1. .Back in the ancient universe that 2300 years ago, thinkers of the Warring States period of China Zi (about BC 369 - 286 years before) to the romantic fantasy of passion "next to the (near) sun and the moon, embraced the universe." .In fact Chinese, "Yu", "Universe," the word originally referred to the "roof" and "pillars" are the place where a person, later extended to "World Quartet (space), through the ages (time) in general. It goes beyond .North and South, East and West direction, immense; beyond the overnight hours, endless. and the "universe" mix of "world" is the word for the Buddhist view, is also the time (generations) and space (boundaries) together. .</ P> <P> in the West, the case also has two words of English expression "the universe", that cosmos and the university. cosmos intent refers to the order, the idea was "an orderly universe system", the ancient Greek Pythagoras .Adams (BC 580-500) was the first representative of a harmonious order of the cosmos with the universe of people called; university said all-inclusive, all the universe can not be nothing. </ P> <P> ancient people first noticed the universe .phenomena, such as alternating day and night, the moon, eclipses, positions of celestial bodies change with the seasons and the planets moving in the sky background, etc., is really just the sun, earth, moon, planets and other solar system, reflecting the movement of celestial objects. So .to these phenomena based on established theory of the universe, whether it is China's ancient "days of round as sheets cover areas such as chess," the celestial dome, "round objects such as projectiles, ground like an egg in the yellow" said celestial globe, or .the earth as the center of ancient Greece, in order of priority the moon, Mercury, Venus, the Sun, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, stars such as "Seventh Heaven" geocentric, did not exceed the scope of the solar system. star in the universe, the status of the theory, but .is a static setting or foil. </ P> <P> 2. confined to the solar system that ─ ─ geocentric universe, the 16th century, Copernicus heliocentric heliocentric raised beyond the end of the solar system, though still limited, but living in the universe from the Earth .the special status of the center rotating around the sun reduced to a common planet, correctly reflect the actual situation of the solar system. This is not only summed up directly after the laws of planetary motion Kepler, Galileo, Newton paved the way to establish system of classical mechanics .roads, and fundamentally shaken the human central doctrines of other religious myths not be offended. It the first time as a natural science and freed from the shackles of theology, the "Declaration of Independence" in the history of human thought and social development as well as made an indelible history .contribution. </ P> <P> 3. from the solar system to the vast world of stars in the solar system 18,19 century heyday of the development of astronomy. invented the telescope, people not only found Uranus, a large number of asteroids, planetary satellites, members of the solar system ., also in accordance with the observed position of Uranus with the calculated deviation, with the celestial mechanics accurately predicted the existence and location of Neptune, and finally found a Neptune, Pluto, thus strong evidence of the prevailing theory of the universe is the same objective reality of the solar system .match. At the same time, human vision is gradually expanding from the solar system to the wider world of stars. </ P> <P> 1718, the Harley will own observations Ptolemy 1000 years ago with the observation times .comparison found that there have been few significant changes in the position of the star, the first time that the concept of the so-called fixed stars is wrong. </ P> <P> 1837, the Struve measured the annual parallax of Vega (due to .Earth around the Sun direction of the public turn to produce changes in objects) is 0.125 arc seconds, which means that the distance between it and the sun-earth distance (1.5 million kilometers) of 165 times, far beyond the boundaries of the solar system (at the distance .40 times). </ P> <P> 1912, the Leavitt discovered Cepheid variable stars (the brightness of the stars of the expansion and contraction movement of a class of periodically changing variable star) with the brightness of light variation period between .to determine the relationship between the measured variable stars include such groups from distant stars is possible. </ P> <P> 6 years later, was known Shapley analysis of more than 100 globular clusters, as the distribution of distance and information .come to the Milky Way is a 10 million light years in diameter lens-shaped massive celestial system, the sun is not the correct conclusion in its center. </ P> <P> 1924, the Hubble discovered in the Andromeda galaxy Cepheids ., luminosity relation of the cycle ─ ─ projected it far beyond the Milky Way, is the scale of any system with quite a huge silver star systems. The eventual end to major discoveries over the years on such spiral nebula is the nearest neighbor or extragalactic objects ."cosmic island" argument, "the scope of human understanding of the universe from the stars of the Milky Way galaxy formed by numerous extended to the wider world. .The number of galaxies including the Milky Way formed by the world, that is, the universe we know today. .</ P> <P> 4. Milky Way's brother from Nigeria found that the universe is actually a solar system, and in Newton's view, contain numerous objects to each other by gravity, generally in a uniform and stable state. .But by the mid 18th century, Sweden Swedenborg (1688-1772), the British Wright (1711 a 1786) for this state of the universe have produced a doubt, they speculated that a large number of stars from the "Galaxy" is .a relatively complete system, but in the shape of the solar system to as "disc" of the Milky Way plane, and even the solar system may not be made the center of the galaxy view. .</ P> <P> famous astronomer Frederick William Herschel (1738-1822) and John Herschel (1792-1871) and his son through the tireless observation of the system, with a large number of observational facts strongly .put forward the views of the Milky Way is a galaxy. .Herschel and his son and brother and sister and old Herschel telescope with a hand-made, has detectors in the Northern Hemisphere 1083 days total over 110,000 stars area. .Old Herschel siblings put their life's energy into the sky observations, as well as unmarried sister for life. .After the death of the old Herschel, small Herschel moved to South Africa's Cape of Good Hope the observation base, were detected in the Earth's southern hemisphere, the 2299 days of 70 million stars area, the first human to determine the galaxy's spiral arms discoid structure, .the extension of human vision from the solar system to 10 million light-years away. .At this point, it was surprised to find, has always been very, very large solar system that is just on the edge of the galaxy members of an obscure little only. .Herschel family for observation and discovery is not devoid of the Milky Way made a contribution. .They discussed the structure of today, even though the galaxy not very accurate, but their work is constituted following the Copernican view of the universe after the second development milestone. .</ P> <P> 1918, the Shapley draw a more correct conclusion: a lens-shaped galaxy is a huge celestial system, 10 million light years in diameter, the sun is 30,000 light years away from the center of a spiral arm .on. .</ P>.