Understanding of the universe - the Big Bang model.

<P> Third, the Big Bang model 1. Humorous "the beginning of the universe," code ─ ─ α, β, γ1948 U.S. physicist Gamow (George Gamow, 1904 ~ 1968), Alpha, Beta, who played a .Lemaitre's ideas, the expansion of the universe evolution in the material linked to proposed "Big Bang model." .He described it more now because of the observed facts, so become the most influential theory of the universe. .As Gamow, Alpha, Beta last name happens to be the three Greek letters, which was later the beginning of the universe on behalf of humor. .</ P> <P> 2. A description of the Big Bang origin of the universe began ─ ─ explosion about 200 million years ago, a high temperature, high-density "original fireball." .Which starts at 0. .</ P> <P> ─ ─ Planck time, 10-43 seconds, the times, temperatures up to 1032K; </ P> <P> ─ ─ grand unified era of time 10-35 seconds, and temperatures up to 1028K; </ P> < .P> Age ─ ─ time Hadron 10-6 seconds, the temperature is 1014K; </ P> <P> ─ ─ lepton era of the time 10-2 seconds, the temperature is 1012K; </ P> <P> ─ ─ radiation era .time of 1-10 seconds, the temperature fell to about 1010-5'109K, elementary particles began to combine into atomic nuclei, the energy to photon emission display appears; (people to explore the structure of the microscopic world and the universe to meet here) </ P> <P> .─ ─ helium formed in 3 minutes, the temperature fell to about 109K, swelling to about 1 light year in diameter size, the synthesis of helium have Jinsan Cheng material, nuclear reactions disappeared; </ P> <P> time into the physical era ─ ─ 1000 - .In 2000, the temperature fell to about 105K, the density of matter greater than the radiation density; </ P> <P> transparent material out from the background radiation temperature started to lower ─ ─ radiation temperature material, the most important book in the ratio of the lightest elementary particles .constant; </ P> <P> ─ ─ time of galaxy formation 108 years, the temperature dropped to about 100K; </ P> <P> quasars, stars, planets and life have been a 109 years ─ ─ time, the temperature dropped to .about 12K; </ P> <P> ─ ─ stage time in 1010, the temperature fell to about 3K, galaxies temperature of about 105K. .</ P> <P> Gamow and his supporters predicted that the big bang radiation generated in the distant universe will still exist, about the equivalent of 10K or so. .3K cosmic background radiation was found great encouragement to the people, because it makes Bang model of this prophecy come true. .Of course, the Big Bang model also, there are many unresolved difficulty, it is after all just a hypothesis. .</ P> <P> 3. The Big Bang theory of evidence (1.) Age of the universe is being away from each other if the galaxies, then they must be closer in the past, that is, earlier age of the universe, the density of matter .will be higher. .To continue this reasoning means that there must be a last moment, when the material universe in a very high density of the state. .Galaxies according to Hubble's law will be divided by their distance from the speed of the moment can be estimated around 100-200 million years ago. .This time is common to all galaxies, in fact it is the reciprocal of the Hubble constant. .That moment is often called "big bang" moment, that is, the beginning of our universe. .If this reasoning well, then all the objects in the universe's age should not exceed the "age of the universe" as defined in the ceiling. .</ P> <P> with Rutherford pioneered the use of radioactive material in the determination of the method of their formation ages, people measured the oldest rocks on Earth, "A Biluo 11" with astronauts from the moon .back to the rocks and fell into the interplanetary space from the meteorite samples on Earth, found that their ages are not more than 4.7 billion years. .</ P> <P> the age of the star light from their power and has estimated reserves of fuel. .Thermonuclear reaction provided under the theory of stellar energy, it is estimated that the oldest stars in the Milky Way is approximately 100-150 million years of age. .</ P> <P> using the above methods are two completely different objects in the age race and the "age of the Universe," coherent, which is of course the Big Bang model of the universe is very strong support. .</ P> <P> (2). Abundances of light elements for a second after the Big Bang, the universe could not exist not only galaxies, stars, earth, or even inter proton addition there is no other chemical elements, only in thermal equilibrium .state by the proton, neutron, electron, photon and other elementary particles mixed with the "cosmic soup." .At first, the number of neutrons and protons is almost equal, as the temperature decreases, the ratio between the gradual decline in about 3 minutes to about 1:6. .When the temperature dropped to 1 billion K, the neutron and proton deuteron reaction synthesis began, similar to the hydrogen bomb fusion process that occurs when all the neutrons rapid synthesis of the two protons and two neutrons in the helium nuclei .. .Is not difficult to calculate, the mass ratio of helium with the hydrogen should be 1:4. .</ P> <P> astronomical observations show that, no matter which corner of the universe, regardless of the star or interstellar matter, the ratio of helium and hydrogen are generally consistent with this. .Synthesis of the same period of deuterium, tritium, lithium, beryllium, boron and other light elements, although a much smaller number, but their abundance (ie the ratio of hydrogen) also has a similar universal. .This is undoubtedly the big bang model is also a strong support. .</ P> <P> (3). The Big Bang model of the microwave background radiation is another important relic is the microwave background radiation. .I said before, the first few minutes after the big bang, the universe is like a fireball produced by a hydrogen bomb, always full of k, the temperature up to 1 billion light radiation. .Because in thermal equilibrium, this distribution of radiation intensity with the wavelength distribution subject to the Planck (or blackbody spectrum.) .As the universe expanded, the radiation temperature falling, but always maintain the blackbody spectral shape and overall hook of all. .Calculated by Gamow and others, as a relic of this process, the current prevalence of the universe, the temperature should be about 3k background blackbody radiation. .As the peak wavelength of radiation in the vicinity of 1 mm, in the microwave band, it is also known as the microwave background radiation. .Unfortunately, this important prophecy in the 10 years after the presentation without setting a cause of serious concern. .Until 1964, the American Bell Telephone Laboratories, Arno Penzias and Wilson used a satellite communications antenna at 7.35 cm wavelength from the probe to a space independent of the strength and direction of the signal, they at first did not know their own .significance of the findings. .Later, Princeton University, heard the news and other Peepers, realize that what they "wear out iron shoes in hunting," the cosmic background radiation. .To the last, "positively identified", 20 years, astronomers around the world spectrum of this radiation on a large scale distribution and direction of the investigation, the situation becomes clearer. .In 1989, NASA launched the Cosmic Background specially Surveyor satellite, the first measurement data show that: from 0.5 mm to 5 mm of the band, the spectral distribution of radiation and temperature of the ideal of 2.735 ± 0.06k .bold full consistency; after deducting the motion effect, the sky in different directions relative error is less than one hundred thousandth. .This undoubtedly proves the blackbody microwave background radiation and universality. .It is the hot big bang model is the most convincing evidence for this found in the position in the history of modern cosmology only the expansion of the universe that can be compared. .If we say that Hubble discovered the universe to open the door to evolution of the overall dynamics, then the discovery of Penzias and Wilson then opened the evolution of the physical universe as a whole door. .</ P>.