American scientists will announce the first batch of photos to prove the existence of black holes

　　

Sagittarius A star, scientists hope to soon be able to see the Sagittarius A star black hole black outline

　　

Chandra photos show A star Sagittarius is the source of X rays

　　

M87 galaxies will become the focus of the black hole of

　　

M104 Galaxy is also considered to have a big black hole

　　

Galaxy NGC 5128

Åœ — äº¬æ — ¶é — ' may 26 message, according to the United Kingdom New Scientist "magazine reported that the United States a study group recently said they expected to be in the next few months to publish a set of proof of the existence of black holes, the first time revealing the truth of mysterious objects.

On the most rigorous test of general relativity

There is a stretch of the Galactic Center, scientists thought, we can see the shadow is actually a supermassive black holes left behind. Where gravity rules is paramount, the surrounding light is consumed, the spatial structure of stretching to the inflection point. Black hole is perhaps the most ambitious scientific forecasts, even if we can draw a picture of a black hole theory, found many seemingly black hole of the celestial bodies of evidence, but so far nobody has actually seen the black hole.

All this may be a few months. Astronomers are consolidating Earth multiple microwave telescope resources, it became the most accurate astronomical instruments. They will be the only "big eyes" to the Galactic Center a supermassive location, which is code-named "Sagittarius A star" (Sag A) black hole. Even if it has not yet been completed, but this "microwave giant eyes" has photographed a Sagittarius A star charming Mier.

In September last year, a United States MIT Hess Tucker Observatory (Haystack Observatory) astronomers Schöpp · Dallman (Shep Doeleman) led a research team has published several papers, sufficient proof of the Sagittarius A star of the existence of black holes.

Dormann and his team hope that we will soon be able to see the Sagittarius A star in the black hole of a black outline. Then, they want to see a pendant to the black hole of substances, outlined the space-time by distorting the black hole. These data, scientists will be black hole formation and development of the information. These observations will be thus far on Einstein's general theory of relativity in the most stringent test. General Relativity predicts the existence of black holes. If the general theory of relativity is wrong, Dallman's team might simply do not see a black hole, but is even more strange.

Quality is the equivalent of 450 million Suns

We are convinced that there is no doubt that an enormous mysterious objects hidden in the center of the Milky Way Galaxy — because of its powerful gravitational influence of the nearby stars and gas. This mysterious celestial bodies of quality is the Sun of 450 million times, poured into a size equivalent to the region within the solar system. For substances to be close together approach is very rare. A large group of neutron stars or black holes are high quality. So, scientists think that the best explanation is the supermassive black holes.

Supermassive black holes are considered in most of the large center of the Galaxy. In a number of so-called Active Galaxies, black holes large amounts of gas was involved in, in a circle around a black hole formed blistering substance, often around billions of stars become eclipsed. Our Galaxy is obviously not a black hole is so good luck, can only rely on nearby stars Jet layer of rarefied gases survival. Direction black hole as the gases to operate, it will be heated and illuminate the black hole, although it looks far better than Active Galactic disc objects in the dark. At this point, from radio to X rays, various types of electromagnetic radiation from Jet out scenes panorama.

Of course, the black hole itself does not glow, but it can be consumed. It is our hope that you can see the results: black hole light surrounding gas was consumed, and the fiery glow of gas in the background, the black hole becomes a shadow or outline. See the shadow is not an easy job. It does not have a sharp edge, because we will still see the light in front of a black hole and gas release of other radiation. In addition, shadow very small.

According to Einstein's relativity, a quality equivalent to 450 million Suns of supermassive black holes diameter should be 2700 million kilometres, even if its gravity will let light bending near, looks real size twice that of the black hole looks still very small. From the Earth, this may cover approximately 50 micro angular seconds (micro-arcsecond) perspective — and this is like a appear in football on the Moon, or the entire arm of a bacteria.

Early research results disappointing

Ordinary telescope simply will not see the black point. Thus, Dallman is a mature technology "very long baseline interferometry" (very long baseline interferometry) exploring this possibility. By Globe antenna of observational data, astronomers can see the reconstruction of a large antenna — even as objects in the Earth as large objects. Due to the small antenna seldom collect light, VLBI telescope generated images may not be ideal, but it can reveal more details.

Previous VLBI telescope observations of the Galactic center distance-too-distant and never see clearly the shadow of black holes. Initially, we will pass through the Galaxy's most dense areas, where large quantities of gas to disperse the radio waves. Harvard University, Astrophysics House Ivy · Rob (Avi Loeb) said: "looks like a thick fog in photograph of the street lights seemed

Fuzzy. "What's worse, a black hole around the gas for most wavelength is opaque, it is like to a shadow on the first floor yarn.

Image sharpness basically depends on the observed radiation wavelength, wave length does not enable us to obtain a clearer picture, on the contrary more blurred. Fortunately, if the telescope can wavelength of 1 mm or so of work, so the above problems are all solved. This short-wave radiation can penetrate the interstellar mist and gas within the veil. Also, in theory, if a telescope antenna distribution to thousands of kilometres of wide, its definition is sufficient to see the shadow of a black hole. In fact, the greater the interval between the antenna and clarity, the better.

Dallman's team in the VLBI telescopes improved, so that it can in the UHF range 1.3 mm. In April 2007, they use mounted in Arizona, California and Hawaii three peak viewing space telescope, but the results were disappointing. Although they capture A Sagittarius Star Center area of radiation signal, but it did not grasping for the black hole clear photos of sufficient information.

Uncover the mysterious shadow flesh

Dallman said: "we have matching the data of two models. "In the first model, Sagittarius A star looks like a Center has a big hole of fried doughnut, this may be a black hole of Super quality. Unfortunately, their observation data also show a white substance jets, and no obvious black shadows. Even so, these early observations is also A Sagittarius star really strong signs of belonging to a black hole. According to the University of Toronto astronomers ' Frick · Broderick (Avery Broderick), the findings indicate that it will almost certainly have "event dome territories" that is, the important characteristics of black holes.

Event dome territories is in fact non-existent border in the borders, any substances are not be able to escape a black hole gravity control. Across the range of the substance is slowly consumed, even radiation will not be released. Some theory holds that it is not a black hole, which is called Bose Astral (boson star), a lot of weight very light particles constitute the ball, they may have a physical boundary surface instead. These surfaces may appear in the above gas heating.

Broderick with Harvard University's Rob and Ramesh · Narayanan (Ramesh Narayan), analyzed the results of the study Dallman, that if the Sagittarius A star has a surface, the surface may be too hot to be constantly release IR light. In fact, astronomers have not observed the luminous phenomena. They concluded that event dome territories to Sagittarius A star on a layer of outer clothing, we simply do not see the things inside.

This conclusion may also exist many loopholes, so truly see the black hole itself, of course, better. In April of this year, Dallman return to Hawaii, to increase the sensitivity of the telescope, he decided to attempt to exploit a monarch-the Hill of the big telescope instead of the previous one. He dated 3 April meeting, said: "I think we have to share with you this evening that we can do that. "After several months of treatment, the most recent observational data should eventually uncover the mysterious shadow of Galactic center the truth.

Many telescopes in collaboration with the "combat"

　　

Located in the United States California CARMA telescope array, consisting of 6 diameter with 10.4 m, 9 diameter with 6.1 m, 8 m-diameter with 3.5 antenna composed of

　　

The JCMT telescope in Hawaii

　　

Located in Chile's ALMA array

Discover the first dark spot is just a beginning. Mrs. Salman want shorter at more "sharp" 0.87 millimeter wave length. At the same time, more and more telescope will join together to help researchers to uncover the mystery of black holes.

Earth "microwave" Centre will be located in the mountains in the desert region of Chile, where the Atacama large millimeter/time mm telescope array (ALMA), is in manufacturing. It is understood that all 66 dish satellite antenna will be completed by 2012 and put into use. Andy Holeman said: "up to 800 pounds of ALMA will become the ' eye ' of new microwave backbone members. "By working with other telescopes on Earth, ALMA is able to provide a clearer picture of A Sag, also possible to discover a Galaxy M87 more massive black hole.

Figuratively speaking, ALMA also can we shot a black film. Andy Holeman said: "I am excited that we are able to focus time variability. "In many of the wavelength in conditions of observation reveals the hovered between Sag A surrounding gas radiation. Use of very long baseline interferometry, Mrs. Salman hope on these swirling and real-time is swallowed up in the sky, territories of small Flash for observation. He said: "this may be the film's most precious lens '. ”

Rotate into focus

This observation will reveal the researchers anxious to know of a black hole, that is, their rotation. Theory of relativity says that a rotating black hole in space structure formation in a whirlpool, this phenomenon is called "gravitational frame dragging". Distance from the black hole near hotspots will be dragged into the whirlpool, the movement of these hot spots will expose A rotation speed of Sag. In addition, we can therefore understand that black hole of the past, because it's rotating relies on its eats into the current "heavyweight" black-hole material.

University of Oxford, Mississippi Emmanuel · Bertie (Emanuele B

Erti) and Anna Fort Michigan University of Malta · Warren Terry (Marta Volonteri) on black hole some different "food" and the impact of computing. Sag A grow may follow a stable "diet" structure, i.e. eating Galaxy gas. Galaxy gas share of all rotating galaxies, black holes in the process of gradually close to form a spiral movement at an increasing rate of disk, like water from a drainage hole out. In Galaxy gas was consumed, it's rotation will become part of a black hole. If you have the vast majority of Sag A gravity is the way that growth, its rotation can promote to relativity may allow maximum.

In addition, Sag A may also be consumed any track in the vicinity of substantial resources of gas and has grown steadily. These "food" random orientation rotation to a large extent offset each other, i.e., the rotation speed of A Sag may be very low. Another possibility is that the Sag A hierarchy, like smaller galaxies like the Milky Way Galaxy merger formation. Each Galaxy brings their own mass black holes, all of these black holes merge together, eventually forming A Sag. In Bertie and Warren Terry's simulation we see that often only a moderate amount of rotation you can form a black hole.

General Relativity challenge

Of course, all of which are built on the assumption that Einstein's general relativity was established. The Einstein theory almost a century later, general relativity continues as we are about the best theory of gravity and orbits and the gravitational lens effect of precise observations. Broderick said: "the perfect degree of general relativity almost embarrassing. ”

But the scientist never in black hole nearby Super gravity conditions to verify this theory, general relativity predicts that face the most extreme situations. Broderick hopes that by keeping track of hot spots in the mobile space, distorted on general relativity for revision. He said: "the best way is to let a college student handheld laser indicator into the Galactic Center. If these Flash really occur, we will use them instead. ”

By determining the spatial-temporal Sag A near exact form, the relevant Flash movies can be relative and some competing theories — used to interpret the stars and galaxies of the irregular movement more and dark matter and dark energy-related. And relativity competing theories include some complex ideas such as scalar-tensor-vector and Gravitation (R) f.

4 du Salman's latest observations can found some strange things do have infinite boundary estate a strange shapes? or maybe nothing. Broderick said: "after that, we have to face a problem. "One possibility is that the Super gravity, relativity is completely wrong. Another possibility is that the Galactic Center "Monster" Sag A than we think of a more dark.